HONEY PROCESSING

Have you ever picked up a pack of red honey processed beans and wondered what honey processing (let alone red honey processing) actually means? Or if it’s any better than the natural processed coffee you used last week?

This article is for you. We’re going to look at what honey processing is, why it’s good (most of the time), and what difference it makes to baristas and roasters.

SEE ALSO: Coffee Plant Species: Arabica vs Specialty Robusta

Why is Honey Called Honey?

The three most popular methods of processing coffee around the world are natural, washed and honey. Natural processed coffees are dried inside the cherry before being hulled and milled. Washed (or wet) coffees are pulped and then fermented to remove the mesocarp (also known as mucilage) layer before being dried and milled. Honey processing bridges the gap between wet and natural coffees; the coffee cherry is pulped and then dried with the mucilage layer still left on the parchment.

So, wait, where’s the honey?

The title “honey processed” leads many people to assume honey’s used in the making of the coffee or that the coffee itself resembles honey tasting notes—but in reality, neither is true. This process gets its name from its sticky, honey-like feel the bean has before being dried. Once a coffee bean is separated from its cherry, it’s left covered in a mucilage layer that, when dried, will continue to reabsorb moisture from the air and become sticky. 

 Green coffee beans remained covered in mucilage after being pulped from its cherry.

Why is Honey Processing Popular Among Farmers?

Honey processing originally became popular in Costa Rica, who adopted it after seeing consistent improvements in the quality of their beans. Its popularity has since spread.

Yet why did Costa Rican farmers decide to try honey processing in the first place? Well, a farmer who wants to raise the quality (and subsequently the price) of their coffee really only has three options: they can change the tree varietal they grow, change the terroir, or change the processing method. And just as most of you would change the grind and dose of your grinder before you start adjusting volumetrics, pressure, or temperature of your machine, most farmers would rather experiment with processing before going to the extreme of moving their farm or investing in a new varietal that may take years to pay off.

Honey Processing: Long & Delicate Work

It’s not easy to honey process coffee. In fact, it takes a long time and you have to be very careful. So what’s involved with honey processing?

The first thing the farmers do is pick only the ripest cherries from the trees. The beans are then pulped from their outer skin, and as mentioned above, left in a layer of mucilage. This mucilage layer contains a high amount of sucrose (sugar) and acids which is really the key of the honey process.

The next stage is the most intricate and sensitive part of the process: the drying phase. You have to get the timing of this perfect. It’s crucial that you don’t dry the beans too quickly. If you do, the flavours won’t be converted from the mucilage to the bean. It’s also crucial that you don’t dry the beans too slowly. You need to be quick enough to avoid fermentation within the bean, otherwise you’ll end up with mouldy coffee.

So how do you reach this balance? Well, once either laid on raised drying beds or concrete slabs, the beans need to be raked or agitated multiple times each hour until they reach the desired moisture percentage. This usually takes between 6-10 hours. After that, the coffee needs to be agitated once a day for a minimum of 6-8 days. It’s long, right? Sun-drying honey processed beans takes this long because each night the beans pick up moisture from the air, requiring more drying the next day.

Once the coffee has finally dried, it’s ready to be dry milled and roasted just like with the other processes.

Honey processed coffee being dried on concrete slabs.

Why is Honey Processing So Wonderful?

When honey processing is so tricky to do right, and so time-consuming, you might wonder: Is it really worth it?

The answer: yes, unquestionably yes.

Honey processed coffees generally possess great sweetness and a balanced acidity with fruity undertones. The flavours are typically less powerful than natural processed coffee, but the clarity and definition of them is much clearer and more pronounced. Who doesn’t want that?

The key to this flavour difference is the sugars and acidity in the mucilage. Over the drying period, the sugars in the mucilage become more and more concentrated, and then these sugars begin to soak through to the coffee bean.

Yellow, Red, and Black Honey: What’s The Difference?

If you want to buy a honey processed coffee, you’ll find yourself presented with a choice: yellow, red, or black. You may also hear these described as a percentage. So what do these actually mean?

Well, farmers will often separate their crop into different categories. Some will have less mucilage, and therefore dry quicker. Others will have more mucilage, and will need a greater drying time. A yellow honey (approx. 25% mucilage) typically has the least cloud/shade cover during drying in order to speed up the drying time, and will gain a yellow colour. Red honey (approx. 50% mucilage) takes longer and is typically developed with cloud cover or shading. Black honey (approx. 100% mucilage) is usually covered so as to elongate the drying period.

Yellow, red and black honey processed coffee.

 Yellow, Red, & Black Honey: Which Is Better?

So which is better?

Well, it might seem that black is obviously better. The flavours of a honey process become more intricate and hold more depth relative to the amount of mucilage left on the parchment. The higher the mucilage, the stronger the flavours.

Yet for coffee producers, it has to remain a business decision. Although you may produce much better quality coffee (and be rewarded with a higher price) using the black honey method, the effort, risk and cost factor increase so much that it may be difficult to consider the option. The longer the coffee is dried, the more likely it is to ferment and develop bacterial infections, leading to defects. It also needs to be agitated and cared for far more regularly, and takes up space on the drying beds for up to twice as long, than with yellow honey coffees. Coffee isn’t always about producing the highest quality cup; it’s about producing what will be the most marketable product for the farmer.

So What Does Honey Processing Mean For You?

• Roasters: Consistency Is Key

As a roaster, you’re usually challenged to either create blends or keep certain blends tasting as consistent as possible year round—even though most crops aren’t available for more than a season at a time. This means that understanding not only the general profile of honey processed coffees, but all other processes of coffees, is a great help in blend construction. You can more accurately make substitutions, create new blends and narrow down the selection of green beans to choose from in order to fill mentioned flavour profiles.

However, it’s also important treat generic flavour profiles (based on things such as region, process, and altitude) as a guideline only. There are so many different variables that affect growing coffee, and any of those can change the final product. Don’t purchase a coffee without trying it just because you know it’s honey processed. It will probablyhave a great sweetness, acidity and fruity undertones—but it’s not guaranteed.

• Baristas: Coffee Knowledge Remains Valuable

Day in, day out, you dial in your grinders to produce cups of liquid gold for the community. Knowing how your coffee is grown, processed, harvested and roasted can be a huge step forward in understanding how to pull the best shots possible and unveil some incredible flavours in your coffee you haven’t tasted before. Each coffee pulls different on the machine to another. A house blend that has strong chocolate and caramel flavours may pull very differently to a single origin naturally processed Ethiopian coffee that has high sweetness and low acidity.

Being able to understand the difference why is such powerful knowledge to have, not just for yourself but also for the consumer. A customer is much more likely to return to your café if you can explain to them why the above natural Ethiopian coffee is so much sweeter than the wet hulled Sumatran they tried last week. People love learning and will return if they think their local baristas understand what they are doing.

Do you have a fondness for honey processed coffee? A preference for red, yellow, or black? Let us know your experiences of this coffee in the comments or on facebook, Instagram, or Reddit.

Written by R. Lynch and edited by T. Newton.

Perfect Daily Grind, Specialty Coffee Blog

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